![]() ![]() The mid-1730s there were 6,000 people in Kent Co, Md. Origins were (approximately) 2% Scottish, 13000 Irish, and 36000 English. ![]() Unskilled and poor, a few were wealthy and professional. Unskilled and low skilled laborers: 61% and 49%įurther details in the book indicates that while the majority were very Sample of two ships in 17 shows these labor skills: Sample of the 2074 received convicts in four Maryland counties:īaltimore Co. White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, To buy servants arriving in the Delaward River ports. Maryland during the 18th century, nevertheless persons came from those colonies Philadelphia and Newcastle became their principal ports ofĮntry, and though many shiploads were sent to Virginia and especially to The sugar plantations was grown in the middle colonies with the labor of That huge numbers of immigrants in the 18 th century were not “free” Transported-convict-indentured-servant” Regardless, the overwhelming point is Servants” (p.8) It appears the difference in the numbers is due toĭefinitions of a voluntary indentured servant and To two thirds of white immigrants from Britain and Europe came as indentured (source: To Serveĭifferent analysis of the numbers from To Serve Well. In America they were sold forĩ pounds for unskilled and 25 pounds for skilled.įor more insight to the history of transportation see theĪrticle at the National Archives web site. Merchant or captain paid a contractor 3 pounds per convict. The “pardoned” became indentured usuallyįor 7 or 14 years and were delivered in wretched conditions by private ships toĪmerica where they were sold to owners. Period and the transportation system provided a way to avoid the cost and Lawlessness and poverty existed in the British Isles during this Crimes ranged from small offences to murder. They represented as much as one fourth of all British (source: To Serve Well…”, p 77)ĭuring the 18 th century, some 50,000 convicts were transported from Ĭonvict servants went to the tobacco colonies In 1718 the Transportation Act initiated a systematic program. In 1615 James I began giving “royal pardons” of banishment toįelons. “Transportation” began slowly in 1697 when magistrates could exile “rogues and ![]() General public of the 50,000 convicts sent to colonial America - mostly to the Few are aware and little has been written for the People are aware of the transportation of about 150,000 convicts from the British Isles Forced indenture included those who were “spirited” from Europeīy trickery and other devious ways – and those who were “pardoned” by the kingįor a range of crimes for transportation to America. Less well known were those who were forced into the Indenture, arrived without cost, and being sold to an owner for times rangingįrom 3 to perhaps 7 years. Included those who saw an opportunity for a better life in America by agreeing to an Less well known is the important history of the indentured servants. Apprentices were mostly native born Americans. Had three distinct types of unfree laborers: apprentices, indentured servantsĪnd slaves. Of documents of which genealogists are likely unaware. Many of theīooks are available through interlibrary loan services, however the primary Primary sources from just one chapter of one book is below also. Aīibliography of books and sources is below. If you read just one book, this is the best one. One of the last books I read is by far the most valuable: Colonists in Bondage:ġ607-1776. Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775. The following notes and paraphrases takenįrom a number of books. This may be an untapped source of research. Some authorities state that more thanħ5% of all immigrants who settled south of New England were indentured servants,Ĭonvict servants, or redemptioners. Numbers of voluntary indentured servants also arrived and were sold similar to Indentured convicts numbered about 50,000,Ĭomprising up to one-forth of all immigrants in that general area. Annapolis and Baltimore were major reception points of many these immigrants. Many Americans living today - and most likely many Phelps - descended from these little studied mostly English immigrants. Immigration to colonial America, I am convinced After my initial study of the indentured servant Also someĪnglican records simply vanished from some parishes after the Revolution –Įspecially in NC at least. So many early records to fire and the ravages of the Civil War. We have all assumed this barrier is due only to the loss of Genealogists reach “brick walls” as they research their ancestries back to the A Phelpsĭatabase brought up two Phelps, both documented as such in VA. Opportunity we may want to pursue at some point. Want to first look over an excellent online article at While I have attempted here to extract informationįrom several books that have specific value to our Phelps research, you might ![]()
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